Species diversification involves a shift from a single species of livestock to more species in an attempt to manage risk and explore more resilient livestock farming options. Species diversification can be introduced in response to changes in local environment/climate conditions, including increasing temperatures, unreliable sources of water and availability of pasture, etc. The aim of this approach is to explore the introduction of species that may be more viable and adaptable in changing local conditions thus improving production levels by keeping animals that will be productive under harsh weather conditions and sustain the quality of the produce. Diversification as a climate smart practice assists farmers with utilising available resources more effectively, e.g. mixing grazers and browsers. Species that react well to changing climatic conditions may cause a shift of demand from grazers to browsers. This practice mitigates disease control, can improve soil fertility and increase water management. Government policies can also influence farmers in diversifying their species with many countries dedicating agricultural research and extension to explore the introduction of different species (e.g. cattle to goats) to assist farmers. It is important that species that are introduced do not have an adverse impact on local fauna or the surrounding environment.
To effectively implement species diversification:
- Step 1: Research possible species of livestock that may be productive in the climate of the surrounding area and compatible with existing livestock.
- Step 2: Communicate with national agricultural extension/neighbouring farmers and research to gain an understanding of which breeds have been identified as having potential locally and which are available in the region. Other farmers in the area may have information and experiences to share.
- Step 3: Inform neighbouring farmers of the potential species that they may be interested in including into their farming system.
- Step 4: Outline the positive and possible negative aspects of incorporating different species into their system.
- Step 5: Identify how farmers can access different species and whether they are available at local markets or if these species need to be imported from other areas of the country/region.
- Step 6: Monitor introduced species to ensure that impacts – positive and negative – are understood.
- The Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), 2016. Livestock Diversity Helps Cope with Climate Change. Rome, Italy.
- The Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), 2015. The Second Report on the State of the World’s Animal Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. Rome, Italy.
- The Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), 1997. World animal review - Revue mondiale de zootechnie - Revista mundial de zootecnia. Rome, Italy.
Benefits
- Species diversity can assist farmers become more climate resilient by adjusting livestock holdings more adaptable species (camels, goats, etc) as other species can survive on less water and lower feed demands.
- Diversification may have significant impacts on household food security, income and be more productive.
- Different species may have traits that are more adaptable to harsh conditions including temperature increases, resistance to disease, drought tolerant, allowing more sustainable productivity (continue to produce milk, eggs meat etc.) and staying in line with market demands during harsher conditions.
Drawbacks
- Introduction of exotic species can have negative impacts and may push traditional breeds out or have adverse effects on local fodder, water sources etc. if not managed correctly.
